Modelo para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales específicas en la atención a pacientes con enfermedades estomatognáticas / Model for the development of specific professional competence in the care of patients with stomatognathic diseases i: en

Introducción: Las competencias profesionales son cualidades humanas que permiten una visión personalizada en un individuo, el cual se desempeña en un contexto único y, a la vez, cambiante, buscando desarrollar los recursos personológicos que debe utilizar en su vida laboral. Objetivo: Valorar la implementación de un modelo para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales específicas en la atención a pacientes con enfermedades estomatognáticas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio en educación médica en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba, durante el curso 2018-2019. La población estuvo constituida por los 59 residentes que cursaban el primer año de la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral, en quienes se aplicó un modelo para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales específicas. Durante la investigación se usaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, así como estadísticos, particularmente la distribución de frecuencias absoluta y relativa y la prueba de McNemar para determinar el nivel de desarrollo después de implementado el modelo. Resultados: Se obtuvieron opiniones positivas en el taller de socialización luego de la implementación práctica del modelo. De los residentes en estomatología, 96,4 % aprobó su pertinencia, mientras que 83,1 % estuvo muy satisfecho con él. Conclusiones: Luego de aplicado el modelo propuesto, se evidenció el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales específicas en la atención a pacientes con afecciones odontológicas.

Introduction: Professional competencies are human qualities that allow a personalized vision in an individual, who performs his functions in an unique, and at the same time, changing context, and seeks to develop the personological features that he must use in his working life. Objective: To assess the implementation of a model for the development of specific professional competence in the care of patients with stomatognathic diseases. Methods: A study in medical education was conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry in the University of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba, during the 2018-2019 academic year. The population consisted of the 59 residents who were in the first year of the specialty of Comprehensive General Dentistry, in whom a model for the development of specific professional competence in dental care was applied. During the investigation theoretical and empirical methods were used, as well as statistics, particularly the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies, and McNemar test to evaluate the level of development after the model has been implemented. Results: In the socialization workshop, after the practical implementation of the model, positive opinions were obtained. Among the residents in dentistry, 96.4% approved the relevance of the model, while 83.1% were very satisfied. Conclusions: After applying the proposed model, the development of specific professional competence in the care of patients with dental conditions was evidenced.

Autofagia en el Contexto del Sistema Estomatognático en Enfermedades No Neoplásicas. Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria

La autofagia es un proceso de degradación lisosomal y protección celular, que está destinado a eliminar los orgánulos dañados, las proteínas mal plegadas y los patógenos intracelulares, por lo cual es un importante proceso para la salud en los humanos. La autofagia actúa como modulador de la patogénesis y es un objetivo terapéutico potencial en diversas enfermedades, como el cáncer, la diabetes o el Parkinson. En relación al sistema estomatognático, la autofagia actúa agravando o protegiendo las enfermedades orales cuando se encuentra aumentada, activada o alterada. La desregulación de los mecanismos de la autofagia repercute en el desarrollo de la autoinmunidad a través de la supervivencia de linfocitos T, participa en la disminución y degeneración de células glandulares y queratinocitos basales en patologías como el síndrome de Sjögren o el liquen plano oral; participa modulando la inflamación, pero también defendiendo a la cavidad oral del ataque de patógenos externos que pueden causar, por ejemplo, la enfermedad periodontal. Esta revisión sistemática exploratoria, describe los mecanismos generales involucrados de la autofagia en diferentes patologías no neoplásicas que afectan al sistema estomatognático.

Autophagy is a process of lysosomal degradation and cell protection, which is intended to eliminate damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and intracellular pathogens, making it an important process for human health. Autophagy acts as a modulator of pathogenesis and is a potential therapeutic target in various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, or Parkinson's. In relation to the stomatognathic system, autophagy acts as aggravating or protecting oral diseases when it is increased, activated, or altered. The deregulation of autophagy mechanisms affects the development of autoimmunity through the survival of T lymphocytes and participates in the decrease and degeneration of glandular cells and basal keratinocytes in pathologies such as Sjögren's syndrome or oral lichen planus; It participates by modulating inflammation, but also by defending the oral cavity from the attack of external pathogens that can cause, for example, periodontal disease. This exploratory systematic review describes the general mechanisms involved in autophagy in different non-neoplastic pathologies that affect the stomatognathic system.

Evolución histórica de la prótesis bucomaxilofacial en Camagüey

Introducción: Los principios en que se sustenta el proceso revolucionario cubano y su Sistema Nacional de Salud, es tratar de dar solución a las necesidades de la población y Cuba dentro de sus limitaciones de desarrollo, ha producido cambios en las condiciones de salud, a través de su política estatal. Objetivo: Describir la evolución histórica de la prótesis bucomaxilofacial en la provincia Camagüey. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la de literatura, para recopilar los datos de la historia de la prótesis bucomaxilofacial. Se ejecutó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane, SciELO, Hinari y prensa escrita donde se expusieran las evidencias disponibles sobre los antecedentes de prótesis bucomaxilofacial en Cuba y en la provincia Camagüey. Resultados: En Cuba la prótesis maxilofacial antes del triunfo revolucionario prácticamente no se realizaba. El 14 de junio de 1999 se crea la Red Asistencial Nacional de Rehabilitación de la Cara y Prótesis Bucomaxilofacial y en el año 2001 el Programa de Rehabilitación de la Cara y Prótesis Bucomaxilofacial, con una cobertura para todos los pacientes del país con esta necesidad de atención. En Camagüey con la creación en abril de 1975 de la consulta multidisciplinaria de Estomatología se inició la atención a los pacientes con defectos bucomaxilofacial. Esto permitió rehabilitar en esos momentos a estos enfermos con los recursos disponibles. Conclusiones: El análisis y las valoraciones realizadas determinaron que la prótesis en la provincia Camagüey ha tenido un gran desarrollo tanto asistencial como docente e investigativo, aunque no se cuenta con un servicio dedicado a la prótesis bucomaxilofacial, se han realizados labores de rehabilitación a pacientes con estos defectos, que le han permitido recuperar la estética, el estado psíquico funcional con alto grado de aceptación y satisfacción y el logro de su reincorporación a la vida social.

Introduction: The principles on which the Cuban revolutionary process and its National Health System are based, is to try to provide a solution to the needs of the population, and Cuba within its development limitations, has produced changes in health conditions, through of its state policy. Objective: To describe the historical evolution of the bucomaxillofacial prosthesis in Camagüey. Methods: A review of the literature was carried out to collect the data on the history of the bucomaxillofacial prosthesis. A search of the literature was carried out in the Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane, SciELO, Hinari and written press databases where the available evidence on the history of oral-maxillofacial prostheses in Cuba and in the Camagüey province was exposed. Results : In Cuba, before the revolutionary triumph, maxillofacial prostheses were practically not performed. On June 14, 1999, the National Assistance Network for the Rehabilitation of the Face and Bucomaxillofacial Prosthesis was created, and in 2001 the Program for the Rehabilitation of the Face and Bucomaxillofacial Prosthesis, with coverage for all patients in the country with this need for care. In Camagüey, with the creation in April 1975 of the multidisciplinary Dentistry consultation, care began for patients with oral-maxillofacial defects. This made it possible to rehabilitate these patients at that time with the resources available. Conclusions: The analysis and the evaluations carried out determined that the prosthesis in Camagüey province has had a great development in terms of care, teaching and research, although there is no service dedicated to oral and maxillofacial prostheses, rehabilitation work has been carried out on patients with these defects, which have allowed them to recover their aesthetics, their functional mental state with a high degree of acceptance and satisfaction, and the achievement of their reincorporation into social life.

Garantías explícitas en salud odontológica de las embarazadas y la salud pública por regiones y años 2010-2019 en Chile

Objetivo: Estimar la tasa de uso de las Garantías Explícitas de Salud (GES) dental de la embarazada entre 2010 a 2019 en todas las regiones de Chile. Pacientes y métodos: Diseño: descriptivo, observacional. Participantes: mujeres embarazadas, atendidas en el sistema público. Se estudió un total de 1 854 621 gestantes, 1 445 903 de gestantes con ingreso al GES y 1 257 775 de gestantes con alta dental integral pertenecientes a cada región y año analizado. Mediciones: estimación de tasas de uso del GES odontológico, análisis de las tasas de eficacia y de la evolución de las tasas de uso del GES mediante series de tiempo. Resultados: Las medias del uso del GES y la eficacia de la atención por GES fue inferior al valor óptimo (100 %). Ambas tasas difieren del valor meta de la autoridad sanitaria. Los valores de las tasas del uso del GES varían por año y región. La forma de las curvas fue predominantemente no lineal. Conclusión: El uso y la eficacia del GES odontológico en embarazadas chilenas no está en correspondencia con los objetivos del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se requieren nuevos estudios para explicar las causas de estos resultados.

Objective. Estimate the rate of use of the Explicit Dental Health Guarantees (GES) by pregnant women from 2010 to 2019 in the regions of Chile. Patients and methods. Design: Descriptive, observational. Participants: Pregnant women, cared for in the public system. The total of pregnant women (1,854,621), pregnant women admitted to the GES (1,445,903), and pregnant women with full dental discharge (1,257,775) belonging to each of the regions and years analyzed (2010-2019) were studied. Measurements: estimation of dental GES use rates, evolution of rates over time using time series (regressions). Results. The means of the use of the GES and the effectiveness of the care by the GES was less than the optimal value (100%). Both rates differ from the target value of the health authority. The value of usage fees varies by year and region. The shape of the curves was predominantly non-linear. Conclusions. The use and effectiveness of the dental GES in Chilean pregnant women is not in correspondence with the objectives of the Ministry of Public Health. New studies are required to explain the causes of these results.

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis among 7-12-Year-Old School Children in an Indian Subpopulation: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevalence of dental caries and fluorosis among 7-12-year-old school children in Muradnagar, India. An additional objective was to determine the relationship between dental caries and fluorosis in the studied population. Material and Methods: A total of 1500 school children aged between 7 to 12 years, and both genders were randomly selected for the present study. The selected participants were divided into three groups based upon age, viz 7-8 year (group I), 9-10 year (group II) and 11-12 year (group III). Sterile mouth mirrors and explorers were used for the detection of caries. The water samples were collected to assess the fluoride concentration. The data collected were tabulated and statistically analysed using Chi-square, ANOVA, Spearman's correlation and t-test wherever applicable. Results: Out of 1500 participants, 54.1% were females and 45.9% were males. The prevalence of dental caries and fluorosis was 89.3% and 93.7%, respectively. The prevalence of caries increased with age (p<0.05) and females showed a higher prevalence in both the dentitions. Most dental fluorosis was 'very mild' (40.1%). Prevalence of dental fluorosis increased with age and males showed more fluorosis than females. A negative relationship was found between dental caries and fluorosis (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dental caries and fluorosis are the public health problems in Muradnagar; therefore, preventive programs should be organized to increase awareness among the general people.

LipStaT® Surgery, A Novel Technique for the Treatment of Gummy Smile: Case Report / LipStaT®, Una novedosa técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de la sonrisa gingival, reporte de casos Gummy Smile and LipStat® Technique

Background: The lip stabilization technique (LipStaT®) is a novel surgical approach for the management of gummy smile. It is an outpatient technique, minimally invasive, with low risk of morbidity and low incidence of complications. The goal of the technique is to reduce the excessive gingival display during smile. Objective: to describe the LipStaT® technique including its indications, preoperative evaluation, surgical approach and patient post procedure care instructions. Clinical Cases: the authors present two female patients, aged 20 and 31 years, with excessive gingival display (over 3mm) and with experiences of failures with other procedures. The LipStaT® technique allowed to achieve aesthetic, harmonic and functional results. Conclusion: The LipStaT® technique is a safe outpatient procedure that allows to obtain predictable results, which are well accepted by patients.

Introducción: La técnica de estabilización labial (LipStaT®), es un novedoso abordaje quirúrgico para el manejo de la sonrisa gingival. Es una técnica ambulatoria, mínima-mente invasiva, con baja morbilidad e incidencia de complicaciones. La meta de la técni-ca es reducir la excesiva cantidad de encía que se visualiza durante la sonrisa. Objetivo:Describir la técnica LipStaT® incluyendo sus indicaciones, evaluación preoperatoria, abordaje quirúrgico y las indicaciones posteriores a la intervención. Presentación del caso: Los autores presentan dos pacientes, mujeres, entre 20 y 31 años, con visuali-zación excesiva de la encía de más de 3mm al sonreír y con experiencias de fracasos con otros procedimientos. La técnica LipStaT® permitió lograr un resultado estético, armónico y funcional. Conclusión: Este es un procedimiento seguro, ambulatorio, que permite obtener resultados predecibles y bien aceptados por los pacientes.

Assessment of Maximum Bite Force in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients: A Preliminary Study

Abstract Objective: To determine the maximum bite force (MBF) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients and to compare them with that of healthy subjects. Material and Methods: Twenty patients who were clinically confirmed, as OSMF and 20 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and number of intact functional teeth were included in this study. For each subject, age, gender, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. The MBF registration was carried out by the two evaluators, who were previously calibrated. Bite force was measured in the first molar region using a force transducer occlusal force meter for each subject seated at the upright position, with Frankfort's plane nearly parallel to the floor, and no head support. The Student's independent t-test was used to determine the statistical significance in relation to mean height, weight, BMI and the presence of number of intact teeth and MBF between the healthy subjects and OSMF individuals. A comparison of grades of OSMF with all variables was carried out by one-way ANOVA test. Results: No significant difference was found in mean age, mean height, weight, BMI and the presence of the number of intact teeth between healthy individuals and OSMF patients. The mean MBF in healthy subjects was 628.23 ± 24.39 N and 635.47 ± 31.22 N in OSMF patients. Even though the healthy subjects reported a higher MBF than OSMF patients did, the difference was statistically non-significant. With regards to sides, no significant difference was observed in mean MBF in healthy subjects and OSMF patients on the right (p=0.7818) and left side (p=0.6154). Conclusion: The healthy subjects reported higher MBF values than OSMF patients did and the difference was statistically non-significant.

Estudo epidemiológico de biópsias realizadas em uma clínica odontológica universitária no período entre 2011 e 2018 / Epidemiological survey of biopsies performed in a dental school clinic in the period from 2011 to 2018

A grande quantidade de patologias com características clínicas semelhantes possibilita a coexistência de vários diagnósticos diferenciais frente a uma única lesão na mucosa bucal. Muitas vezes a realização de exames complementares, como a biópsia, torna-se mandatória para confirmação do diagnóstico sugestivo. Realizar levantamento dos laudos histopatológicos provenientes de biópsias executadas em uma clínica-escola odontológica no período entre 2011 e 2018. A partir dos prontuários odontológicos, as informações foram coletadas e tabuladas. Foram determinadas a frequência de cada lesão em relação ao total e ao seu próprio grupo de doenças e as características dos indivíduos. Um total de 106 diagnósticos de 105 pacientes (idade média 47,5 anos), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (68 indivíduos - 64,8%) e leucoderma (67 indivíduos - 63,8%), foram avaliados. Em relação aos grupos de doenças, o mais representativo foi o das neoplasias benignas epiteliais ou mesenquimais (35 casos - 33%), seguido pelo dos processos proliferativos não neoplásicos (30 casos - 28,3%). Quanto aos diagnósticos, foram observados 25 diferentes, nos quais se destacaram o fibroma (30 casos - 28,3%) e a hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória (22 casos - 20,8%). Não foi constatada nenhuma patologia maligna. Traçar o perfil epidemiológico de certo grupo de indivíduos pode muitas vezes facilitar os diagnósticos, além de auxiliar na implementação de medidas de prevenção e na orientação dos assuntos a serem abordados nos cursos das instituições de ensino superior(AU)

A large number of pathologies with similar clinical features may allow coexistence of several differential diagnoses in a single lesion on the buccal mucosa. According to the clinical picture, complementary exams such as biopsy are often mandatory to confirm the suggestive diagnosis. To carry out a survey of histopathological diagnoses from biopsies performed in a dental school clinic in the period from 2011 to 2018. Information from dental records was gathered and tabulated. The frequency of each lesion was determined in relation to the total and its own group of diseases as well as the epidemiological characteristics of the individuals. A total of 106 diagnoses from 105 patients (mean age 47.5 years) were evaluated, being the majority of them female (68 individuals - 64.8%) and white (67 individuals - 63.8%). In relation to the groups of diseases, epithelial or mesenchymal benign neoplasms (35 cases - 33%) were the most representative, followed by nonneoplastic proliferative processes (30 cases - 28.3%). Regarding the diagnoses, 25 different ones were observed, in which fibroma (30 cases - 28.3%) and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (22 cases - 20.8%) were more prevalent. No malignant pathology was found. To describe the epidemiological profile of a population can often facilitate diagnoses, besides assisting in the implementation of preventive measures and in the definition of graduate and post-graduate courses' scope(AU)

Nasal patency and otorhinolaryngologic-orofacial features in children / Patência nasal e características otorrinolaringológicas e orofaciais em crianças

Abstract Introduction: Nasal obstruction is a common symptom in childhood, related to rhinitis and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy. In the presence of nasal obstruction, nasal patency may be reduced, and nasal breathing is replaced by mouth breathing. Orofacial and otorhinolaryngologic changes are related to this breathing mode. Objective evaluation of upper airways may be obtained through nasal patency measurement. Objective: To compare nasal patency and otorhinolaryngologic-orofacial features in children. Methods: One hundred and twenty three children, 6-12 year-old, and of both sexes underwent speech therapy evaluation, according to Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation protocol, clinical and endoscopic otorhinolaryngologic examination and nasal patency measurement, using the absolute and predicted (%) peak nasal inspiratory flow values. Results: Lower values of absolute and estimated peak nasal inspiratory flow values were found in children with restless sleep (p = 0.006 and p = 0.002), nasal obstruction report (p = 0.027 and p = 0.023), runny nose (p = 0.004 and p = 0.012), unsystematic lip closure during mastication (p = 0.040 and p = 0.026), masticatory speed reduced (p = 0.006 and p = 0.008) and altered solid food swallowing (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001). Absolute peak nasal inspiratory flow was lower in children with pale inferior turbinate (p = 0.040), reduced hard palate width (p = 0.037) and altered speech (p = 0.004). Higher absolute values were found in children with increased tongue width (p = 0.027) and, higher absolute and predicted (%) in children with mild everted lip (p = 0.008 and p = 0.000). Conclusions: Nasal patency was lower in children with restless sleep, rhinitis signs and symptoms, hard palate width reduced and with changes in mastication, deglutition and speech functions. It is also emphasized that most of the children presented signs and symptom of allergic rhinitis.

Resumo Introdução: A obstrução nasal é um sintoma comum na infância relacionado a rinite e hipertrofia das tonsilas faríngeas. Na presença de obstrução nasal, a patência nasal pode estar reduzida e a respiração nasal ser substituída por respiração oral. Alterações orofaciais e otorrinolaringológicas estão relacionadas a esse modo de respiração. A avaliação objetiva das vias aéreas superiores pode ser obtida através da medida da patência nasal. Objetivo: Comparar a patência nasal e características otorrinolaringológicas e orofaciais em crianças. Método: Foram submetidas 123 crianças de seis a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, a avaliação fonoaudiológica, de acordo com o protocolo de avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial, exame clínico e endoscópico otorrinolaringológico e medição da patência nasal, com o uso do pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal em valores absolutos e valores estimados (% pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal). Resultados: Valores mais baixos de pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal e % pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal foram encontrados em crianças com sono agitado (p = 0,006 e p = 0,002), relato de obstrução nasal (p = 0,027 e p = 0,023), rinorreia (p = 0,004 e p = 0,012), fechamento não sistemático dos lábios durante a mastigação (p = 0,040 e p = 0,026), velocidade mastigatória reduzida (p = 0,006 e p = 0,008) e alteração da ingestão de alimentos sólidos (p = 0,006 e p = 0,001). O pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal foi menor em crianças com conchas inferiores pálidas (p = 0,040), redução da largura do palato duro (p = 0,037) e alterações da fala (p = 0,004). Valores maiores foram encontrados em crianças com largura da língua aumentada (p = 0,027). Valores maiores de pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal e % de pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal foram observados em crianças com lábio levemente evertido (p = 0,008 e p = 0,000). Conclusões: A patência nasal foi menor em crianças com sono agitado, sinais e sintomas de rinite, redução da largura do palato duro e alterações nas funções de mastigação, deglutição e fala. Enfatiza-se também que a maioria das crianças apresentava sinais e sintomas de rinite alérgica.

Caracterización de las enfermedades pulpares en pacientes pertenecientes al Área II del municipio Cienfuegos / Characterizacion of pulpal diseases in patients from area II of the Cienfuegos Municipality

Fundamento: Las enfermedades pulpares adquieren cada día más importancia debido a su sintomatología dolorosa y a que frecuentemente son el motivo de consulta de urgencia estomatológica.Objetivo: caracterizar las enfermedades pulpares en pacientes pertenecientes al área II del municipio Cienfuegos.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal, en el periodo comprendido de abril a diciembre de 2015. Se trabajó con 329 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. El registro primario de datos se obtuvo mediante la observación y la recolección de la información a través de historia clínica individual, previo consentimiento informado. Las principales variables fueron: edad, sexo, enfermedades pulpares, tratamiento realizado y grupo dentario.Resultados: se observó un predominio del sexo masculino y del grupo de edad de 35 a 59 años. La necrosis pulpar fue la enfermedad más frecuente, con un 40,73 % de pacientes afectados. La exodoncia fue el tratamiento que se aplicó en mayor cantidad de casos, sobre todo en el grupo de 20 a 34 años. Los primeros molares inferiores fueron los más afectados por enfermedades pulpares.Conclusión: se concluye que la necrosis pulpar fue la que predominó entre todas las enfermedades pulpares, lo cual se corresponde con que es uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en las clínicas estomatológicas. Por ello, se debe seguir encaminando el trabajo a prevenir estas afecciones estomatológicas.

Foundation: Pulpal diseases acquire a great importance due to their painful manifestations and they frequently the chief complain in dental emergency consultation. Objectives: To characterize pulpal diseases in patients from Area II of the Cienfuegos Municipality. Methods: A descriptive observational cross study was carried out from April to December 2015. A number of 329 patients was included in the study who complied with the requirements of inclusion and exclusion. Data primary registration was obtained through observation and information collection from the individual clinical record, previous informed consent. The main variables were: Age, sex pulpal diseases, treatment and dental group.Results: It was observed male sex predominance and the 35 to 59 age group. Pulpar necrosis was the most frequent disease, with 40.73% affected patients. Exodontic treatment was applied to most of the patients mainly in the 20 to 34 year old group. Inferior first molars were the most affected by pulpal disease. Conclusion: It is concluded that necrosis was predominant among all pulpal diseases, which corresponds to that it is one of the most frequent chief complains in dental clinics. That is the reason why it is necessary to continue working on preventing these dental conditions.

Avaliação clínica das alterações de mucosa bucal emcrianças hospitalizadas de 3 a 12 anos / Clinical evaluation of buccal mucosal lesions in hospitalized children from 3 to 12 years-old

Objetivo: Determinar a presença de alterações da mucosa bucal em crianças de 3 a 12 anos hospitalizadas, no período de janeiro a maio de 2004. Métodos: Realizou-se uma avaliação clínica das alterações de mucosa bucal em 165 crianças de 3 a 12 anos hospitalizadas, no período de janeiro a maio de 2004, de ambos os gêneros, internadas nas três alas do Hospital Universitário Materno Infantil da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Resultados: As alterações mais freqüentes foram a língua saburrosa (61,82%), candidíase pseudomembranosa (5,45%) e infecção herpética recorrente (3,64%), não sendo encontrada diferença em relação à sua presença nas faixas etárias (3 a 6 anos e 7 a 12 anos), entretanto, o gênero masculino foi mais afetado (85,90%) que o feminino (71,26%). Conclusão: Das 165 crianças examinadas, 78,18% exibiram alterações e que em determinados casos, foi observada mais de uma alteração no momento do exame.

Objective: To determine the presence of oral mucosa alterations in children from 3 to 12 year of age, hospitalized in the period from January to May 2004. Methods: A clinical evaluation was made of the oral mucosa alterations in 165 hospitalized children from 3 to 12 of age, in the period from January to May 2004, of both genders, interned in the three wings of the mother and child hospital "Hospital Universitário Materno Infantil" of the Federal University of Maranhão. Results: The most frequent alterations were encrusted tongue (61.82%), pseudomembranous candidiasis (5.45%) and recurrent herpetic infection (3.64%), no difference being found with regard to their presence in the age groups (3 to 6 years of age and 7 to 12 years of age), however, boys were more affected (85.90%) than girls (71.26%). Conclusion: Of the 165 children examined, 78.18% exhibited alterations and in certain cases, more than one alteration was observed at the time of the exam.

Clinical analysis of oral and maxillofacial spaces infections in diabetic patients:a report of 31 cases / 中华全科医师杂志

The characterization and management of oral and maxillofacial spaces infections in diabetic patients were studied in order to determine the pattern of this clinical condition and formulate a management plan.There were 31 cases with average age of 61 years(s=9);the mean hospitalization time was 14 days(s=6);the average fasting blood glucose level on admission was 10.4 mmol/L.Of the 31 patients 20 were multiple-space infections and 11 were single-space infections.13 patients had major complications during admission.Odontogenic infection was the most common cause of the space infections.Streptococcus viridians and staphylococcus aureus were common organisms(5/19,4/19)identified through pus and/or blood cultures.Early surgical incision and drainage,perfect blood glucose control,intravenous antimicrobial therapy,preventing asphyxia and managing major complications are necessary and effective approaches for the management plan.

Reconstruction of Maxillofacial Soft Tissue Defects After oral cancer operation by Free Forearm Flap / 医学研究杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of vascularized free forearm flaps in reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects after oral cancer operation.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 12cases with oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects which had been reconstructed with vascularized free forearm flaps.Data concerning the recipient vessels,the survived rate and complications was analysed.ResultsAll the flaps survived compeletely,with the success rate of 100 %(12/12).The vessel thrombosis rate was 8.3%(1/12) and the flap salvage rate was 100 %(1/1).The overall complication rate was 8.3 %(1/12).ConclusionThe free forearm flap is safe and reliable and is helpful to improve the function and shape in the reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects.